天気

Assuming you're not a complete beginner, you've probably learned a few basic phrases about the weather, which is especially useful in Japanese since they discuss weather as greetings instead of saying something like our "how are you?". However, watching the weather reports, or even reading the weather reports is a much more difficult task. Unfortunately, meteorologists don't just say いいお天気ですねえ。

So, let's take a few excerpts about today's weather in Japan, and learn some more complicated details about the weather.

Today's weather forecast for Osaka:
今日から明日の近畿地方は、引き続き高気圧に覆われて晴れるでしょう。

First, let's run down the vocab words which you may or may not know (leaving out some basic things):
近畿地方：　きんきちほう, the Kinki (Kansai) area of Japan, i.e., the western area.
引き続き：　ひきつづき, continuing.
気圧: きあつ, pressure. In terms of the weather, atmospheric pressure.
覆う: おおう, to cover, to blanket.
晴れる： はれる, to be clear.

So, roughly translating: Starting today and continuing through tomorrow, the Kinki region will be covered in a high pressure system, with probable clear skies.

How 'bout this one from Tokyo:
また、東京地方では引き続き明後日にかけて空気の乾燥した状態が続く見込みです。

Possibly new vocab:
明後日：　あさって, the day after tomorrow (also the title of a movie concerned with weather!)
空気：　くうき, the air.
乾燥：　かんそう, dry.
状態：　じょうたい, status, conditions.
見込み：　みこみ, forecast, possibility.

Roughly: In the Tokyo region, it is forecasted that the air will remain dry continuing through the day after tomorrow.

One last one for now, from sunny Okinawa:
沖縄地方は、沖縄の南海上にある停滞前線の影響で曇っており、雨の降っている所があります。

新しい単語（たんご）：
沖縄: おきなわ, Okinawa.
南海上：　なんかいじょう, on the south sea.
停滞：　ていたい, stationary, stagnant.
前線：　ぜんせん, (weather) front.
影響: 　えいきょう, influence.
曇る: くもる, to be cloudy.

英訳（えいやく）：
In the Okinawa region, due to the effects of a stationary front over the Okinawa's south sea, the skies will be cloudy, with rain in some places.

I hope that helps to introduce you to learning how to really discuss the weather. Feel free to leave questions (if I have left out things which are unclear, etc.).